Frequency of C-shaped canals in mandibular permanent second molar among Hyderabad population

The objectives of this study were to assess the frequency and configuration of C-shapedcanal in mandibular second molar teeth. Descriptive type of study. This study was performed at the Dental OPD, Department of Operative Dentistry, Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad / Institute of Dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro from June 2010 to December 2010. A total of 100 extracted mandibular second molars were collected. The teeth were stored in 0.9% physiological solution [Otsuka Pakistan Ltd:] after extraction. Calculus and the remainder of periodontal tissue were thoroughly removed by a curette. All the samples were then rinsed with tap water and dried with air. Each tooth was opened to gain access of the pulp chamber by a small round bur [Mani, Japan]. The pulp chamber was injected with the 0.5% methylene blue [BDH Gurrcertistan chemical Ltd: Poole England]. The contrast color penetrated through pulp-down to the pulp orifice of the root canal. All the teeth were resected transversally at the cemento-enamel junction by a thin diamond disc [Mani, Japan] and the crowns were discarded. The canal orifices were located by DG-16 endodontic explorer. The same diamond disc were used for cutting roots transversally into two more sections at middle 3[rd] and 2mm above the root apex. All these three section were studied under operating microscope [66 vision tech: Co. Ltd: Sozhou, China] for anatomical properties mentioned in objectives. Thirteen C-shaped canals were found out of 100 mandibular second molars. 03 were of category I and II respectively and 07 were of category III. The present study demonstrated that mandibular second molar teeth have variations in terms of number of roots, number of canal orifices and canal morphology. Therefore it cannot be assumed that these teeth always have two-roots and three canals. The overall prevalence of C-shaped canal was found 13% in the local population. The difference to other studies may be attributable to racial differences and study model

Frequency of second canal in maxillary second premolars [ex-vivo study]

The objective was to determine the frequency of second canal in extracted maxillary second premolars. This was an in vitro study conducted at the Department of Operative Dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro from October 2011 to March 2012. This study included two hundred extracted human maxillary second premolars. The pulp chambers were accessed with round bur in a high speed air turbine, and they were irrigated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 12 hours to dissolve the pulp tissues, then rinsed under running tap water for 2 hours and dried overnight. The dye was introduced coronally and flooded throughout the pulp space by vacuum suction apically. Teeth were then decalcified in 5% nitric acid solution for five days. Eventually teeth were made clear by dipping in methyl salicylate and examined under operating microscope under 7.5 x magnification for the frequency of second canal. Results showed that the frequency of second canal of the maxillary second premolars is 37% [74/200]. Chi-square test was used to evaluate the results. It was concluded that dentists must always look for the second canal during endodontic treatment of the maxillary second premolars

Prevalence of dental caries in Bibi Aseefa Dental College, Larkana areas

The study was conducted for the first time in Bibi Aseefa Dental College [BADC], Larkana from April 2012 to March 2013 to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries in Larkana city and its adjoining areas, and to know the effect of age, gender, socioeconomic status, oral hygiene status and attitude towards dental awareness to caries prevalence. It was a Cross-sectional study. Six hundred patients between 13-20 and 21-30 years of age were selected from dental OPD, BADC, Larkana. The dentition was examined using WHO 1997 guidelines. The results were tabulated and statistically analyzed. Chi-square test was used to evaluate results. The overall caries prevalence in 13-20 years and 21-30 years old groups in Larkana city and adjoining areas determined was 100%.The mean DMFT value was higher i.e. 3.42 in age group 13-20 years. Besides age, the gender, socioeconomic status, oral hygiene status and attitude towards dental awareness were significantly related to dental caries prevalence. It was concluded that prevalence of dental caries in Larkana city and its adjoining areas was found considerably higher, and it was significantly related to bad oral hygiene and socioeconomically deprived patients which indicates lack of awareness and motivation. Prevalence of dental caries decreased with increasing age

Frequency of fourth canal in permanent mandibular first molars

This study was carried out to investigate the frequency of fourth [distolingual] canal in the permanent mandibular first molars and to determine the effect of modified access cavity preparation for endodontic treatment. It was an observational study. The study was conducted at the Department of Operative Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro/Hyderabad from September 2009 to February 2010. Two hundred permanent mandibular first molars were selected from male and female patients presenting for endodontic treatment. The method used for exploring the fourth canal was the modified access cavity preparation which involved changing the triangular access cavity shape to a quadrangular shape. The study involved careful selection criteria, pre-operative radiological examination and then triangular access cavity preparation. The number of canals found by triangular access cavity preparation was noted on the proforma before extending the shape to a quadrangular shape and then a thorough exploration of the floor of the pulp chamber was done. Finally, if fourth canal was present, the presence of the fourth canal was confirmed by taking two periapical radiographs at two different angles with 15 # K files in the root canals. The data collected were analyzed using the chi square test. The results showed that fourth canal was found in 36% of permanent mandibular first molars. The effect of modified access cavity preparation was significantly higher [P= 0.0001] in cases with a fourth canal than in teeth with three canals [P= 0.05]. Statistically there was insignificant difference [P= 0.7] between the genders for the occurrence of fourth canal. This study demonstrates that there is a greater frequency of fourth canal in the permanent mandibular first molar teeth than previously thought. Also changing the shape of access cavity from a triangular outline to a quadrangular outline facilitates in locating the fourth canal

Frequency of second canal in mandibular lateral incisors [in-vitro]

Objective of the study was to determine the frequency of second canal in extracted mandibular lateral incisors. It was observational study and was conducted in the Dental Outpatient's Department of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Hospital, Hyderabad / Jamshoro from 1st January 2010 to 31th March 2010. This study included 100 extracted permanent mandibular lateral incisors. These extracted teeth were stored in 10% formalin until access preparation was made. Pulp chamber was accessed using round bur and then irrigated with sodium hypochlorite till it is clearly visible. Then DG16 endodontic explorer was used for the location and negotiation of second canal after location of main canal. Teeth in which second canal was located, No. 10 K-files were inserted into main canal and second canal. Then two periapical radiographs from the buccolingual and proximal sides were taken for confirmation. Results were then recorded in proforma. Single canal was found in 61% of permanent mandibular lateral incisors. 39% of permanent mandibular lateral incisors had second canal. The frequency of second canal in the present study was 39% of permanent mandibular lateral incisors

Rate of apical extrusion of sodium hypochlorite: open ended versus closed ended needles

The objective was to compare the role of needles design [open ended versus closed ended] on the apical extrusion of sodium hypochlorite irrigant during root canal treatment. This was an in vitro study performed at the Department of Operative Dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro from March 2011 to October 2011. Access cavities were prepared in one hundred extracted human maxillary first molars. The mesiobuccal canal was left open whereas the remaining canals were sealed. The acrylic receptacles were used to hold the teeth in a position as they are present in maxillary arch naturally. The starch/KI solution [A reagent that changes into blue color when comes in contact with sodium hypochlorite] was used to fill the receptacles. The teeth were divided into two groups [G1 and G2] each contained 50 specimens respectively. G1: Irrigation of the mesiobuccal canals with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite with open ended beveled needle. G2: Irrigation of the mesiobuccal canals with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite with closed ended side vented needle. Patency file was #10 K in both the groups. The change in any color of starch/KI solution was captured with digital photographs. Results showed overall frequency of apical extrusion of sodium hypochlorite is 43% [43/100]. There was higher extrusion incidence with open ended beveled needle which was 62% [31/50] than with closed ended side vented needle which showed 24% [12/50]. It was concluded that rate of extrusion was significantly high with open ended beveled needle than with closed ended side vented needle. A closed ended side vented needles appeared significantly safer than open ended beveled needles

Frequency of three canals in permanent maxillary second premolars [in vitro]

The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of three canals in extracted permanent maxillary second premolars. This was an in vitro study conducted at the Dental Outpatient's Department of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Hospital, Hyderabad/Jamshoro from January 2007 to June 2007. This study included one hundred and fifty extracted permanent maxillary second premolars. Pulp chambers were accessed using round bur in a high speed hand piece. The pulp chambers were irrigated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 12 hours to dissolve pulp tissues, then rinsed under running tap water for 2 hours and dried overnight. The dye was introduced coronally and flooded throughout the pulp space by vacuum suction apically. Teeth were then decalcified in 5% nitric acid solution for five days. Eventually teeth were made clear by dipping in methyl salicylate and examined under operating microscope under 7.5 x magnification for frequency of the three canals. Results showed that three canals were found in 2% of the permanent maxillary second premolars. Chi-square test was used to evaluate the results. It was concluded that an accurate clinical as well as radiographic diagnosis based on knowledge of root canal morphology and critical interpretation of radiographs is essential for achieving better outcome of endodontic treatment of the permanent maxillary second premolars

Selecting the appropriate electrode placement site for pulp tester on first premolar teeth

To find out the appropriate electrode placement site for electric pulp tester on first premolar teeth of both arches. This was an experimental study performed at Institute of Dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro from October 2010 to March 2011. Forty volunteers with first premolar teeth free of restorations and caries were recruited. First premolar from each quadrant was selected, and rubber dam was applied without clamps. Three sites on each crown were tested twice with an electric pulp tester, and lowest threshold responses were recorded. Data were analyzed with ANOVA variable test. The lowest response for both [maxillary and mandibular] teeth was found on the tip of buccal cusp. Other sites showed an increase in level from the tip of buccal cusp, middle 1/3 of buccal surface and cervical 1/3 of buccal surface. No statistically significant difference was found in the responses of male and female subjects. It was concluded that the appropriate electrode placement site for pulp tester on first premolar teeth is the tip of buccal cusp

Frequency of interappointment pain observed with sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen perioxide based root canal irrigants

To compare the frequency of interappointment pain between 2.5% Sodium Hypochlorite and 3% Hydrogen Peroxide as a root canal irrigationmaterial. Clinical trial. Study was conducted at Dental OPD, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan from February 2009 to July 2009. Sixty single-rooted, single-canal permanent teeth of sixty patients were selected randomly and equally divided in two groups. In group A[n=30], 2.5%Sodiumhypochlorite [NaOCl]was used as an irrigation material while in group B [n=30], 3% Hydrogen peroxide [H2O2] was used. Canals were left empty for 72 hrs between visits. On second visit, interappointment pain was scored on Visual Analogue Scale [VAS] [0= No pain,1- 3=mild, 4-6=moderate, 7-10= severe] by each patient on the proforma provided.: Interappointment pain was observed in 32/60 patients and the rest did not experience any pain. Pain was significantly high in group B than A[70% vs. 36.7%; p=0.01]. Severity of pain was also compared which was significantly high in group B than group A [p<0.012]. Female experience more pain as compared to male. While correlation of age with pain was not found [p>0.05]. NaOCl performed better clinically in terms of interappointment pain when comparedwithH2O2